Nowadays it’s Backlog Management

Back when Agile started out, the focus of many people was on getting things done. Getting things done the right way: with test driven development, continuous integration, merciless refactoring etc., and getting the right things done (with things like the planning game, the system metaphor, user stories and more).

And actually, software development became a lot better in a number of instances. Back then it was mostly eXtreme Programming for me, later things moved towards Scrum – at least in Germany, but also in a lot of other places. Still, the focus was on getting things done. Just by looking at the onmipresent "Scrum in «n» Minutes" presentations or even at David Harveys’s old but still excellent discussion of what is missing in those pictures it is easily discernible that most of the effort is put into the part where things get done.

Apart from the slightly disturbing fact that all those "agile processes" are in stark contrast with the first value pair of the agile manifesto ("Individuals and interactions over processes and tools") there is something else that is slightly underrepresented nowadays. Those pictures always start with an existing (product) backlog. Where does it come from? Of course the ScrumGuide includes the practice of backlog refinement (or grooming prior to 2011), but there is very little guidance on how to actually come up with – and refine – the requirements in the first place.

Even though there are many great tools available – Story Mapping, Impact Mapping, Buy a Feature, the Kano Model, to name just a few – they usually don‘t get too much air-time when agile practices are discussed. So let’s change that. Let’s go back to the old ideas – from eXtreme Programming times – of including the customer in the work, or let’s move forward to the Kanban way of managing work and model the whole value stream of the knowledge work and find appropriate tools for each section. Especially for those sections that lie “left of the backlog”

till next time
  Michael Mahlberg

The difference between a sprint-backlog and a product-backlog

Those who learned about scrum the old fashioned way might call me names for the title of this articles, but since I run into more and more people out there who mingle both terms I think a clarification might be beneficial.

A product backlog is about what you plan to accomplish

“The Product Backlog is an ordered list of everything that might be needed in the product[…]” (Scrumguide 2013)

And it is good practice to keep these things in the bounds of the INVEST properties. This implies that the product-backlog does not prescribe how the requirements are met, but what should be achieved.

A sprint backlog is about what you plan to do

“The Sprint Backlog is the set of Product Backlog items selected for the Sprint, plus a plan for delivering the product Increment and realizing the Sprint Goal. The Sprint Backlog is a forecast by the Development Team about what functionality will be in the next Increment and the work needed to deliver that functionality into a “Done” Increment.“ (ibid, emphasis added)

Big difference!

So yes, sorry mates, if you want to do scrum (and not scrum but) you'll have to do what used to be called ”Sprint planning 2“: Sit down and plan your work.
There are some options to handle things differently – like breaking down the board and “kanbanizing” that part of the workflow – but then these approaches might no longer be exactly what should be called scrum.

Cheers
Michael

Remember: to backlog (verb) means ‘to pile up’…

And the noun means

“2. an accumulation of tasks unperformed []…“ – Merriam-Webster online dictionary

Translating the word to German makes it even worse: According to dict.cc amongst the German translations there are:

• Rückstand (lag, deficit, handicap)
• Nachhohbedarf (a need to catch up)

So clearly there are some negative connotation with regard to the term backlog. Still it has become a term with positive connotations in the software development community within less than two decades.

Yet –regardless of the positive connotations–, time and time again I see backlogs used in a way that seems counterproductive to me, Accumulating more and more “undone work” in the “backlog” - whether it is called backlog or feature-list or ticket-store or any other name.

In these cases, the items in that list really become a “Rückstand” as we would say in Germany - a lag with a need to catch up!

Of course there are several countermeasures to this – Backlog Grooming probably being the best known. But lean approaches also point to another idea on how to handle this: be very well aware of what your backlog really is and what you commit to!

Backlog vs. Ready-Column

Little’s law tells us that the average time an item spends in the system is determined by the work in progress divided by the time it takes to work on one item.

If we trust in this formula, basic mathematics tell us that if we put infinity in the numerator the result will also be infinite.

Thus, if we don’t put a limit on our backlog, we do not have a predictable time to completion.

Let‘s draw a picture of that:

Very often task-boards, scrum-boards, informal kanban-boards etc. are organized like this:

An unlimited input column (in Scrum for example it is the product-owner‘s job to keep the backlog prioritized the right way, resulting in an ample amount of preselected work for the next iteration), followed by some columns for the different stations in the process and finally an unlimited column for the finished work. While one might argue about the last one – which would make a good topic for a post on it‘s own – in general there is nothing wrong with this setup.

The problem arises when people forget that they can‘t make predictions about the whole board. Since the first column is endless (i.e. not limited) the average time any item spends in the system implicitly also goes towards infinity.

Now for the simple solution:

Only promise what you can control!

Without changing even one stroke on your board, just by communicating clearly that the predictability begins where the control begins, a significant change in expectation management might occur.

(Of course this was originally part of most agile approaches - it just happens that nowadays it seems to be forgotten from time to time…)

Shifting to an input queue

While we‘re at it: Why not change the wording to reflect the difference? While a _‘backlog’_ is a – potentially endless – list of things ‘not yet done‘ what we really want to talk about is a list of thing ‘to be done in a foreseeable, defined future‘. For me, one term that captures this concept nicely is the _‘input queue’_ – a term frequently in use in the lean community. And while I‘ve seen many (product-) backlogs without a limit, I have not yet come across an input-queue without a limit.

’till next time
  Michael Mahlberg